There is something that is very frustrating in English
lessons. It isn’t something that, we, English teachers talk about, but we do
have to deal with it day in and day out. It is the student with the ‘scientific
brain’. Or, maybe that should be the ‘logical brain’. It is something that all
English teachers have to deal with in their lessons at some point. You can’t be
a ‘proper’ English teacher until you have had a student state that they cannot
see the deeper meaning of a poem. It might be prefixed with the following
comments:
‘How do I know what the writer means? I didn’t write it.’
‘I don’t get it. I just don’t get it.’
‘How did you get that from the poem? I don’t see it.’
They just don’t get it. Often, in English lessons or in
parents’ evenings, I have had to justify the complexity of my subject. You see, Mr Curtis, our Cuthbert prefers
Science. He finds things tough in English. I think this all boils down to
the fact there are no right or wrong answers in English lessons. Well, there
are blatant wrong answers: I think the poem ‘Futility’ is about aliens. Wrong.
The rest are just shades of grey.
I used to think that this ‘right or wrong’ mindset was a
gender characteristic. It makes sense that girls enjoy multiple meanings in a
text because they are attuned to looking for meaning and emotions in how people
speak and act. Therefore, it makes sense that boys prefer facts, clear answers
and things devoid of ambiguity. But, over the years, this has proven to be all ‘a
pile of pants’. These ‘logical brains’ are everywhere and they can be either
male or female. I am also separating this from autism and the autism spectrum.
Yes, most people can fit on the spectrum of autism and demonstrate autistic
tendencies, but I see this as a phenomenon separate to autism.
Anyway, these ‘logical brains’ struggle when faced with a
poem or text and they have to hunt for meaning. Moving from literal meaning to
figurative meaning, is a rocky road for them. Why? Well, it could mean
anything. These students could probably tell you what a metaphor is, but
explore the meaning of one and they start to go all sweaty and start breathing
heavily. I suppose, English is full of abstract concepts. Other subjects, apart
from RE, deal with quite concrete aspects and you could say that knowledge
plays a part in this. They have something tangible to prove its existence in
the real world. Look, here are two chemicals and this is what happens when we
put them together. Let’s measure them. I’d probably go so far to say that if a
subjects used measuring equipment, then it is probably a ‘concrete’ subject.
There might be some ‘abstract’ thinking, but generally the learning focuses on
clear, concrete knowledge.
Take these two questions:
What is faith?
What is the effect of the simile in the poem?
They are difficult questions. There could be a number of
different answers and the teacher, when marking a response, will use their
knowledge and understanding to decide on the appropriateness of a response.
Reading mark schemes in English are hilarious. They tend to focus on skills and
any possible answers are provided, but there will usually be a little comment:
other similar answers can be accepted. Across the different exam boards, there
are lots of variations of this one sentence. Open an English textbook and you
see how publishers have tried to make English a concrete subject. There seems
to be a clear right answer and no opportunities for different possible
interpretations or meanings.
Recently, I have been working with developing students’
memory of key texts for exams. Over the last few weeks, I have been making it a
habit to make a multiple-choice quiz for each chapter in a book studied. This
is partly inspired by the great Joe Kirby and his team at the Michaela School. It
was while I was producing one set of multiple-choice questions that I had an
idea. Usually, my questions focused on plot, character’s thoughts and key
quotes. Students had to select the correct ones. Then, I thought about how this
could be adapted for other parts of English and, in particular, the analysis of
texts.
My Year 8s are currently reading ‘Great Expectations’ and they
are analysing extracts from the novel. Recently, they completed a comprehension
style task on Pip’s second meeting with Magwitch. Their answers were pretty
weak. They are an able group, but something about their answers was lacking. They
wrote short, superficial answers. When feeding back answers, they saw the error
of their ways, but still they struggled with the next tasks. There seemed to be
a gulf between their verbal responses and their written responses. They can insightful
and detailed explanations when talking, but put pen to paper and they struggled
to even answer the question. Step forward, Miss Havisham.
I gave students a series of quotes about Miss Havisham. Under
each quote, there were four possible different interpretations. Of course, I started
with a silly one to get the ball rolling.
The students then discussed for a lengthy time each one. As
a class, we decided which one was the most likely interpretation of the line.
The great thing about this was that students were using evidence from other
parts of the whole extract or novel to justify their point and their ideas.
The next part of the process involved students working on
creating their own multiple-choice interpretations. I gave students a blank
grid and they had a go at producing their own set of interpretations. This made
for some interesting discussions. One pair looked at the possible meaning
behind Miss Havisham’s prayer book:
[a] She was raised a Catholic.
[b] She is constantly praying for something.
[c] She feels she has done something bad so she wants to
pray for forgiveness.
[d] Faith is a strong part of her life now.
It did take a long time for students to make their own
interpretations. It wasn’t that it was
too hard, but more a case of students wanting to discuss at length. To make
students feel at ease, I did say that if they couldn’t think of four
interpretations, they could invent a silly one. Often, this wasn’t necessary. The
class engaged with the ideas and discussed things at length.
The potential for this, I think, is endless. Getting
students to explore, the different meanings of a line, effect of a word,
thought / feeling of a character or writer’s purpose. It opened up the
dialogue. We were not limited by a right or wrong answer. We were focused on a
more likely or least likely answer. A slight difference in interpretation.
While the students were creating their multiple-choice sheet,
I asked them about the process. They said that it helped them to think. We
discussed what the next step would be and one lad suggested that for
comprehension the teacher should set it as multiple-choice answers, meaning
that there are four possible answers to the question set. So, finally, I set
students the following task for homework:
I crossed the staircase landing, and entered the room
she indicated. From that room,
too, the daylight was completely excluded, and it had
an airless smell that was oppressive. A
fire had been lately kindled in the damp old-fashioned
grate, and it was more disposed to go
out than to burn up, and the reluctant smoke which
hung in the room seemed colder than the
clearer air--like our own marsh mist. Certain wintry
branches of candles on the high chimneypiece
faintly lighted the chamber; or it would be more
expressive to say, faintly troubled its
darkness. It was spacious, and I dare say had once
been handsome, but every discernible thing
in it was covered with dust and mold, and dropping to
pieces. The most prominent object was
a long table with a tablecloth spread on it, as if a
feast had been in preparation when the house
and the clocks all stopped together. An épergne or
centre-piece of some kind was in the middle
of this cloth; it was so heavily overhung with cobwebs
that its form was quite
undistinguishable; and, as I looked along the yellow
expanse out of which I remember its
seeming to grow, like a black fungus, I saw
speckled-legged spiders with blotchy bodies
running home to it, and running out from it, as if
some circumstance of the greatest public
importance has just transpired in the spider
community.
I heard the mice too, rattling behind the panels, as
if the same occurrence were
important to their interests. But the black beetles
took no notice of the agitation, and groped
about the hearth in a ponderous elderly way, as if
they were short-sighted and hard of hearing,
and not on terms with one another.
These crawling things had fascinated my attention, and
I was watching them from a
distance, when Miss Havisham laid a hand upon my
shoulder. In her other hand she had a
crutch-headed stick on which she leaned, and she
looked like the Witch of the place.
“This,” said she, pointing to the long table with her
stick, “is where I will be laid when I
am dead. They shall come and look at me here.”
With some vague misgiving that she might get upon the
table then and there and die at
once, the complete realization of the ghastly waxwork
at the Fair, I shrank under her touch.
“What do you think that is?” she asked me, again
pointing with her stick; “that, where
those cobwebs are?”
“I can’t guess what it is, ma’am.”
“It’s a
great cake. A bride-cake. Mine!”
For each
question, give four possible answers.
1.
What
four thoughts / feelings are going through Pip’s mind / heart here?
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A
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B
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C
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D
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2.
Why
has Charles Dickens used the beetle image here? Give four ideas.
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A
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B
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C
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D
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3.
Why
does Miss Havisham want her body to rest in this room when she dies?
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A
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B
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C
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D
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4.
What
is the purpose of the extract?
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A
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B
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C
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D
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5.
What
four things here link to the theme of death?
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A
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B
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C
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D
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6.
How
does this extract link to other events / things in the novel?
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A
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B
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C
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D
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7.
Create
your own question and give the possible answers to it.
Question:
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A
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B
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C
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D
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We are indirectly narrowing our students’ understanding of
texts. Look at all comprehension tasks. They are based on having one clear
answer. When we look at essays analysing a text, we are happy to accept a
variety of ideas. We aren’t joining the two approaches together. On one, we are
promoting a limited view of responses and interpretations; and, with the other
insisting on having multiple interpretations.
If we want students to explore layers of meaning, then we,
as teachers, have to build that explicitly into our teaching. We need to show
students in all things we do that there are often several meanings behind a
text, line or word.
What is the purpose of the blog?
Old Style: To inform.
New style: [a] inform [b] describe [c] entertain [d]
persuade.
Thanks for reading,
Xris
